Why the community-led development in New Zealand caused more community marginalization?
为什么新西兰社区主导的发展会造成更多的社区边缘化？

Since the mid-1980s, neoliberal policies had made transformational impacts on the community and voluntary sector. Larner and Craig (2005)  divided the neoliberal period in Aotearoa New Zealand into three phases: ‘the withdrawal of the state from economic production, the extension of marketization and the introduction of neo-conservative social policy and the introduction of a state-driven partnering ethos’.
自1980年代中期以来，新自由主义政策给社区和志愿部门带来了变革性的影响。Larner和Craig(2005)将新西兰奥特亚罗亚（Aotearoa）的新自由主义时期分为三个阶段：“国家从经济生产中撤出，扩大市场化和引入新保守主义社会政策，以及引入国家驱动的合作”。

Started with the election of the Labour Government in 1984, New Zealand adopted the market-driven policies and the rolling back of the welfare state trying to give voice to the public. That began to change in the early 1990s when community initiatives and organizations began to rely on government funding, which was later withdrawn. This model for the communities to compete for the fund has significantly affected the community and the voluntary sectors. Since the interests of the local communities differ from the interests of the government, the renewal plan of the community is severely restricted due to the community’s urgent need for fund. This bid for fund mechanism has generated a new group of professional organizations that adopted a neo-managerist ethos to attract service contracts, and new organizations developed specifically to capitalize on this new market. This new phenomenon has increased the compliance cost for competing fund significantly, which result in resistance and dissatisfaction from the community and voluntary sector.
从1984年工党政府当选开始，新西兰采取了市场驱动的政策并降低国家福利，试图让民众发出声音。但随着社区倡议和组织开始依赖政府的资助，后来资助又被撤销，使得上述举措在90年代初发生了改变。这种由社区争夺基金的模式对社区和志愿部门产生了极大的影响。由于当地社区的利益与政府的利益不同，社区的更新计划因社区对基金的迫切需求而受到严重阻碍。此外，这种基金竞标机制催生出一批采用新管理主义理念来吸引服务合同的全新专业机构，以及专门为利用这一新市场而发展起来的新组织。因此，这些现象极大增加了竞标基金的合规成本，社区和志愿服务机构的抵触和不满的情绪也开始滋生。

The government's adoption of neoliberalism has led to a hostile policy environment that has left community development isolated and financially unsupported. In the meantime, community development has lost its financial and political appeal. Some of the central government's support for community development has been reintroduced in recent years. Inspiring Communities Trust, an independent non-profit community and voluntary organization, was set up in 2008 to promote a single approach to community-led development, leading to a holistic approach. However, similar issues of marginalization happened again as the competitive fund model before. For deprived communities, it is too challenging for them to complete a 10-year plan with their limited knowledge and experience. Additionally, the funding pilot might set up their standard too explicitly, which left little space for the community to be self-determining. Therefore, the gap between large and small communities, as well as voluntary organizations have been further widened according to their condition of whether receiving the government signed contracts for social services. The main problem with the New Zealand government's cooperative strategy was that it placed too much faith in market forces and ignored the apparent power imbalance between the two partners in such a competition.
政府对新自由主义的采用带来的是一种敌对的政策环境，它让社区发展遭受边缘化，在财政上得不到支持。与此同时，社区发展还失去了资金和政治上的吸引力。为改变这种状态，近年来中央政府又重新提出了对社区发展的支持。2008年，为促进社区主导发展的单一办法从而形成一种整体的方法 ，国家成立了一个独立的非营利性社区和志愿组织——“鼓舞人心的社区信托”（Inspiring Communities Trust）。然而，类似于之前的竞争基金模式的边缘化问题再一次发生了。一方面，对于贫困社区而言，以他们有限的知识和经验很难完成一个10年期的计划。另一方面，资金试点的标准可能设定得过于明确，导致留给社区自主决定的空间缩小。因此，大社区、小社区以及志愿组织之间的差距根据其是否接受政府签订社会服务合同的情况进一步扩大。新西兰政府合作战略的主要问题在于过度相信市场力量，而忽视了在这种竞争中合作双方的力量明显不平衡。