What role does culture and art play in the urban regeneration process?
文化艺术在城市更新中有何作用？

Gentrification is an important concept for studies related to urban redevelopment. Gentrification is generally referred to the gradual process of replacement and displacement in a redeveloped district. Since the land value and rent usually increase after redevelopment, those who are unable to afford may find it necessary to relocate and more affluent groups would gradually replace the lower income one. Studies reveal that the process of gentrification does bring improvements to older neighborhoods including higher real estate values, lower crime rates, and enhanced neighborhood amenities and services. On the other hand, the process has also led to many drawbacks, in particular the displacement of lower-income residents and spatial segregation.
在有关城市更新的研究中，士绅化（Gentrification）是一个重要概念。士绅化通常指城市更新后原地块地价及租金上升，引来较高收入人士迁入，逐步取代原有低收入者的过程。研究表明士绅化过程有着提高原社区房产价值、降低犯罪率、增强社区设施和服务的积极作用，但另一方面也带来了原住民流离失所、阶级分化等负面问题。

There are plenty of studies showing the close relationship between culture and art, gentrification, and urban renewal. The old and dilapidated areas have been transformed into bustling and vibrant art and culture clusters which has been attracting real estate investments. Meanwhile, local governments also use museums, theaters and other arts and culture venues as strategies to promote the development of commercial districts and community. Moreover, often the art industry is closely associated with entertainment and media, finance, high-tech and other industries, which in turn helps to stimulate the economic growth while attracting more talents to move in. However, studies have shown that the primarily art-based urban regeneration often benefit the businessmen and the upper middle class, leading to a wave of relocation of original residents and small business. Art seems to be a way to attract foreign tourists and the so-called investors rather than serving residents and even artists. So, what impacts do art and culture bring? Based on the statistics of more than 100 metropolitan communities in the United States, the author uses factor analysis and linear models to answer the question above.
大量的文献揭示了文化艺术、士绅化、城市更新三者之间的密切关系。艺术家们将破旧、贫困的衰败区改造成充满活力的工作室、画廊、酒吧，吸引了房地产开发的投资；地方政府也常将建设博物馆、剧院等文化艺术场馆作为促进商业区和中心城市社区发展的基础。艺术产业还往往与媒体、金融、高科技等产业高度相关并共同聚集，这又有助于刺激一个地区的经济增长，吸引更多的人才定居。但是学者们也发现，基于艺术的城市更新常常仅使得精英阶层受益，导致了原有居民和企业的搬迁潮；艺术往往服务于外来游客和所谓金主，将原居民甚至艺术家本身排除在外。那么，文化艺术究竟产生了哪些影响？作者基于美国100余个大都市社区的数据，运用因子分析和线性模型的方法回答了这个问题。

The author divides the independent variables into two broad categories: (1) fine arts and, (2) commercial arts. The former refers to painting, sculpture, architecture, music and poetry which usually employed in museums, art galleries and schools; while the commercial arts are art that is created for commercial purpose such as film, music and advertising. The dependent variable in the article is to study how these two art forms influence the community development and it is divided into two aspects. One is gentrification referring the community upgrade and obvious emigration between lower-income and higher-income population while another is community revival which mean there is great improvement in community yet without population emigration.
作者将自变量分为了纯艺术（通常指绘画、雕塑、建筑、音乐与诗歌等艺术形式，受雇于博物馆、美术馆、学校等）和商业艺术（通常指应用于电影、音乐、设计等行业的艺术形式）两种形式，将因变量——对社区产生的影响分成了士绅化（社区升级并且有明显的本地人口迁出、高收入人口迁入现象）和社区复兴（社区升级但没有明显的人口迁出与迁入现象）两大类。

The finding shows that fine arts and commercial arts have completely different effects on urban renewal. Fine arts are commonly found in stable neighborhoods with low levels of revitalization. In contrast, commercial arts clusters are most closely link to neighborhoods where have high levels of gentrification and revitalization. In addition, fine art facilities such as museums and art centers may fail to promote community development and support local economic growth as expected. Yet, commercial arts have positive impacts on industrial agglomeration and regional economic growth. The research outcomes have important implications for urban practitioners which allows them to better understand how different art forms are connected to different community environments so as to develop more substantive art development strategy.
本文的结果表明，纯艺术和商业艺术对城市更新会产生完全不同的影响。纯艺术与发展较为缓慢的社区复兴的联系更加紧密，而商业艺术则与士绅化的社区，尤其是快速发展的士绅化社区的联系更加紧密。此外，博物馆和艺术中心等纯艺术设施可能起不到预想的促进社区发展和地方经济增长的作用，反而是商业艺术能促进产业的聚集和经济的发展。本文的研究结论对城市规划领域的学者是有裨益的，让我们更好地了解不同的艺术形式是如何与不同的社区环境相联系的，有助于规划人员制定更明智的、有针对性的艺术发展战略。