What role should the government play in urban redevelopment project learning from Korea?
韩国的政府在城市更新中扮演了什么角色？

The governance of Korea has been transformed during the process of urban redevelopment actions. Before the 1980s, the urban redevelopment actions were learned from the Saemaul Undong (new village movement) starting from the rural areas. In this stage, the redevelopment projects were led by the government with ineffective inter-governmental cooperation and inactive residents’ cooperation. Therefore, there is little success in improving housing conditions in low-income residential areas. Instead, it changed the way of thinking, encouraging self-support and voluntary participation in the movement without focusing on slum upgrading.
在城市更新的过程中，韩国的治理方式发生了转变。20世纪80年代以前，城市更新是从农村地区开始的 "新村运动"（Saemaul Undong）中学习的。在这一阶段，重建项目主要由政府主导，政府部门间合作不力，居民合作也不积极。因此，项目在改善低收入住宅区的住房条件方面收效甚微。但是它改变了思维方式，不在专注于改造贫民窟，而是鼓励自力更生、自愿参与。为了更有效地实现城市更新，韩国从上世纪80年代初开始转而借助市场力量，开展以盈利为目的的城市更新项目。

To realize urban redevelopment more effectively, South Korea has turned to market forces to carry out profit-oriented urban redevelopment projects since the early 1980s. Taking the Joint Redevelopment Project in Seoul, for example, it adopted a homeowner-construction partnership based on voluntary agreement homeowners and a construction company that is chosen by representatives of homeowners to build high-rise flats and share profits. However, this cooperative governance approach in the actual operation also revealed some problems. On the one hand, the government and the developer took some radical measures to evict the tenants, whose rights and interests were not well protected by law, leading to some fierce conflicts. On the other hand, the symbiotic community relationship between landlord and tenant in the poor community was destroyed, and they became hostile. At the same time, community owners are not guaranteed to benefit from the project. Some investors will buy properties from the original owners before the project starts, and the final benefits of the renovation will flow to professional investors instead of the original owners. The poor remains to be poor and are driven to remoter areas, exacerbating urban sprawl and gentrification.
以首尔的“联合重建项目”为例，它采用的是以业主自愿协议为基础的业主与建筑公司合作的方式，由业主代表选择建筑公司建造高层单位，并分享利润。但是，这种合作治理方式在实际操作中也暴露出一些问题。一方面，政府和开发商采取了一些激进的措施来驱逐住户，住户的权益没有得到很好的法律保护，导致一些激烈的矛盾。另一方面，贫困社区的业主和租户之间的共生社区关系被破坏了，他们成了敌对关系。同时，小区业主的利益得不到保证。一些投资商会在项目开工前从原业主手中购买物业，改造后的最终利益将流向专业投资商而非原业主。穷人依旧是穷人，被驱赶到偏远地区，加剧了城市扩张和贫民窟化。

Therefore, the Korean government transformed the redevelopment model into an enabling approach encouraging democratic participation. The role of the government has changed ‘from controlling to facilitating, from providing to enabling and from giving to empowering’. Instead of direct intervention in the redevelopment process, the government focuses more on managing legal, regulatory, and economic frameworks so that people, NGOs, CBOs and private sectors could produce housing and related services more effectively. Under the guidance and supervision of the government, there is more active participation of public, private and non-governmental partners at all levels.
因此，韩国政府将重建模式转变为鼓励民主参与的扶持方式。政府的角色已经从 "控制到促进，从提供到扶持，从给予到授权"。政府不再直接干预重建过程，而是更加注重管理法律、监管和经济框架，使人民、非政府组织、社区组织和私营部门能够更有效地提供住房和相关服务。在政府的指导和监督下，各级公共、私人和非政府伙伴的参与更加积极。